Secondhand Smoking Essay Example

Secondhand Smoking Essay Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), mostly known as secondhand smoke, is the smoke from a burning cigarette and exhaled by the smoker that unwittingly inhaled by other people. This has always been the case, but the dangers of secondhand smoking were not really known until 1986, when the Surgeon General came out with his report that warned people about â€Å"involuntary smoking† and even about the possibility of smoking related diseases in healthy non-smokers who were exposed to secondhand smoke. The health professionals prefer to use the term second hand smoke instead of Environmental Tobacco Smoke because the two terms have highly differing definitions. ETS is used more as a definition of the way the environment reacts to the presence of tobacco smoke rather than the relationship of the smoke to the human health component.There are 2 types of second hand smoke that each individual is exposed to. The smoke that emanates from the lit tip of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar is known a s Side Stream Smoke. While the smoke blown by the smoker is known as Main Stream Smoke. Any person unwittingly exposed to the hazards of second hand smoke is termed as an Involuntary Smoker. As such, his body is exposed to and made to absorb the carcinogenic chemicals the same way the willing smokers do. This is why both smokers and non-smokers are at equal risk of developing a one of the many cancers that can be activated by the carcinogens in the cigarette.Something that most people exposed to second hand smoke do not realize is that second hand smoke exposes the non-smoker to   4000 or more various chemical mixes. At least 60 of these chemical components are well known carcinogens. Whether they realize it or not, primary smokers expose everyone around them to all the carcinogenic hazards stemming from mainstream and side stream smoke. In 2002, the International Agency for Research on Cancer conducted a monograph regarding tobacco and second hand smoke. The agency came to the co nclusion that second hand smoke can cause lung cancer in non smokers if the exposure to the smoke stream remains constant. Studies have proven that a smoker only inhales 15% of the smoke he puffs. A dangerously high 85% of the remaining smoke is diffused and absorbed by the environmental air causing it to be inhaled by the non- smokers. The report further states that:There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to second-hand or environmental tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans† and makes the overall evaluation that â€Å"Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or environmental tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans.Truly, secondhand smoke is a health risk and it can lead to lung cancer, sinus cancer, cervical, breast, and bladder cancer. Still, even if secondhand smoke does not lead to serious incurable diseases, it often leads to general health problems for both adults and children.Surveys have shown that as of June 2007, second hand smoking has been the cause of death for approximately 3,400 lung   cancer and 46,000 heart disease patients yearly   in the United States. Such a high rate of deaths stems from the increased level of second hand smoke in the places frequented by adults for social gatherings. A person who regularly goes to restaurants and bars is exposed to a smoke level 5 times higher than in their homes and offices. For married couples, the statistics are even more staggering. There is an estimated 35,000 non smokers deaths in households where one spouse is a non smoker. Lung cancer is usually diagnosed in about 3.400 adult patients. The list of recurring illnesses in people constantly exposed to second hand smoke lists like ordinary, negligible illnesses that should clear up on it’s own. Coughing, phlegm, chest discomfort and weak lungs, are only a partial listing of illnesses that beset adult non smokers.The most innocent victims of second hand smoke are the children. Mothers who constantly e xpose the unborn fetus to second hand smoke risk giving birth to low birth weight babies. It is estimated that about 67% of babies are born into a household with at least one smoker in the family. The exposure may also cause complications and health hazards in the development of an unborn child’s lungs and brain. A child’s exposure to second hand smoke also increases the risk of developing childhood asthma. Children who are prone to sinusitis and chronic respiratory problems (e.g. coughing and post nasal drip) will find that exposure to the smoke also causes chronic colds and coughing. The Environmental Protection Agency conducted a study in 1992 that confirms that exposure to second hand smoke causes lower respiratory tract infections in about 300,000 children ages 18 months and below.Although there has been no formal research as to whether cigarette odors can cause cancer, what has been proven is that the smoke sticks to anything and everything that lies in its path. The smell of the second hand smoke sticks to hair, clothes, and other surfaces. It is therefore believed that any cancer causing effects from such exposures will be highly minimal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, research in this area has shown that even exposure to small amounts of secondhand smoke is harmful to health and elimination of secondhand smoke from all indoor spaces is necessary to assure a healthy environment.   In fact, creating spaces for smokers, and separating smokers from non-smokers is a smart way to deal with secondhand smoke. It is something that the government has been able to institute and much progress has been made in this area. Today it is common to see â€Å"no smoking signs† in all public spaces, including, airports, hospitals, schools, office buildings, and other public institutions.   Proper ventilation of pubic spaces is another way to insure that everyone is protected from a hazardous breathing environment.   Clearly, o n an individual basis people can insure themselves and their families by eliminating secondhand smoke from their homes and cars.Of course, eradicating smoking from society is not easy, especially because it is such a big business. However, through education, and gentle, and not so gentle persuasion it is up to society to encourage the smokers to quit and the non-smokers to never pick up the habit. If we don’t turn a blind eye to an obvious problem it may save someone’s life in the long run. It is imperative that there is education in the schools that emphasizes the damaging effects of smoking on people.   Once people are aware of statistics about smoking and know the real story, they may think twice about picking up this bad habit.There are ways and means to avoid exposure to second hand smoke if one is really determined to quit smoking or limit his, her , or family exposure to the carcinogenic elements in the air they breath. For starters, a person who is still smok ing can choose to stop smoking. There was various ways and means available to quit smoking such as a nicotine patch of nicotine gum to help ease the toxin out of the body. When dealing with household companions who smoke, you must talk to them and convince them of the ill effects of smoking on both the smoker and non smokers. If they won’t listen to reason, the non smoker should demand that the smoking take place away from the person, if possible, outside of the home. Make the car a non smoking area and make sure that exposure to areas that have high second hand smoke content is limited or totally eliminated.In conclusion, I would like to mention that according to the American Lung Association, the move to ban smoking in public places in order to limit the public exposure to second hand smoke has begun to pick up steam in at least 15 states in the country. The ALA report indicates that:Fifteen states Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Massac husetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, Washington and Vermont as well as the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico prohibit smoking in almost all public places and workplaces, including restaurants and bars. Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, Oregon and Utah have passed legislation prohibiting smoking in almost all public places and workplaces, including restaurants and bars, but the laws have not taken full effect yetWork Citedâ€Å"Children and Second Hand Smoke†. American Academy of Pediatric Otolaryngology . 2007. 31 July 2007. http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/tobacco/secondhand_smoke.cfm.â€Å"Second Hand Smoke â€Å".American Cancer Society. 2007. 29 July 2007. http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Secondhand_Smoke-Clean_Indoor_Air.asp.â€Å"Second Hand Smoke†. Ontario Campaign for Action on Tobacco. 2007. 30 July 2007. http://www.ocat.org/healtheffects/index.html.â€Å"Second hand Smoke Fact Sheet†. American Lung Association . June 2007. 31 July 2007. http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0Eb=35422.â€Å"The Effects of Second Hand Smoke†.   essortment . 2002. 30 July 2007. http://mo.essortment.com/secondhandsmok_rxgs.htm.

The Fire Next Time Essays - Religion, Literature, Bible, Free Essays

The Fire Next Time Essays - Religion, Literature, Bible, Free Essays The Fire Next Time Breading Hate Opher Yunger Enc 1102 turning to that man on his right, he began to speak of the white devilsWhat had they made him (me) feel?Elijah went on about the crimes of white people, to this endless chorus of 'Yes, that's right.' The so-called American Negro is the only reason Allah has permitted the United States to endure so long; the white man's time was up in 1913, but it is the will of Allah that this lost black nationbe redeemed from their white masters and returned to the true faith, which is Islam. (Baldwin 65-6) This is a quote from James Baldwins' The Fire Next Time written in 1962, twenty years after Hitlers Third Reich reigned over much of modern day Europe. In the late 1930's Many of Hitlers speeches sounded very close to this one, and most of Europe blindly followed after him. The world may never be the same since the Holocaust, but it is things like this that make me wonder. Did the world really learn from the past? Baldwins The Fire Next Time discusses progress. Did the human race really make progress after World War Two? In the pre World War Two era, Germany was one of the most advanced nations in the modern world, yet they also led Europe in the horrible murder of twelve million men, women and children. How could a man like Elijah Mohammed, who was considered a very spiritual man, take aim at the white people and call them devils saying that the black man needs to reclaim the world. Did he not see how twenty years before hand the reckless words of hatred from a single man condemned twelve million men, women and children to death? I began to see that Elijahs power came from his single-mindedness (Baldwin 66). Elijah Mohammed thought, in the 1960s, exactly like Hitler. He thought that the black race was better than any other race in the world. This is an understandable thought, his nation was being oppressed and put down because of the color of their skin. Who is to say that if anyone else was in that situation, he or she would not also want to destroy the people who were oppressing them. But Elijah Mohammed was hiding behind g-d saying that this is what the Koran says. It happens way too many times, that g-d is brought into the picture. Does g-d really want people of a certain race to rule the world? Today in the twentieth century people are still murdering innocent people and standing behind g-d. Almost weekly we hear about a terrorist attack in the middle east, many of which are funded by religious extremists. It is easy for a leader to use g-d when they are speaking to many people who feel they are oppressed and have no where else to turn. A person who feels he has nothing to lose will do almost anything he is told. If the African American people had followed Elijah Mohammed who knows what could have happened. The American people could have repeated a Holocaust right in their own country. Many people say a Holocaust could never happen again. Its things like this that can make people think twice. Bibliography Baldwin, James. The Fire Next Time. New York: Vintage, 1993.

Kosovo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kosovo - Essay Example Albanians and Kosovar Serbs could be managed. Old ethnic tensions between these communities were revived with the death of Josif Tito in 1980 as well as the disintegration of Yugoslavia subsequently. Slobodan Milosevic, a nationalistic and opportunistic politician rose to the presidency of Serbia and put an end to Kosovo’s semi-autonomous status and infuriating the Albanian population in majority. This laid foundations of conflict between Kosovar Albanians and Kosovar Serbs. The former formed militias like the radical Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) in order to struggle for independence whereas the latter had the support of Belgrade. The main international actor that entered the conflict was The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) after a series of failed international diplomacy with Serbia. The main cause of conflict of Kosovo was that NATO had underestimated Kosovo’s importance to the ethnic mythologies of the Albanians and the Serbs that had been making territoria l claims to the Balkans. While the Serbs claimed leadership of Kosovo because this was desired by God, Albanians had the reason of their ancient Illyrian ancestors being from Kosovo. The first breaches of non-violence in Kosovo happened in 1995 and 1996 (Bideleux). In 1998, Kosovo erupted into a full-fledge armed conflict in part in result of the Albanian armed uprisings of spring 1997. Up to 700,000 weapons were transported to Kosovo in those uprisings which helped the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) to gain control of a third of Kosovo and unleash a guerrilla war. NATO was persuaded by the Balkans to withdraw from military intervention because if KLA succeeded, adjacent Macedonia could be destabilized. The Balkans called for respect of civil rights and restoration of autonomy in Kosovo. NATO’s intention behind launching air campaign against the Serbian forces was meant for the development of political and humanitarian conditions. However, NATO made a mistake in not making use of overwhelming force in support of the diplomatic efforts. The Serbs reconsidered negotiations because of the threat of increase of warplanes as well as a rise in the attacks’ tempo. Kosovo was a confrontation between the Serbs and the Albanians that led to a situation of negative peace in spite of all efforts of NATO as well as international commitment and funding that happened post-war. With the ability to secure one population, the international community had to encounter security dilemmas in the phase after the conflict including protection of a minority which was treated as an enemy before. As the Yugoslav army assassinated and evicted Kosovar Albanians, NATO’s became successful in the air campaign and was in the position to achieve security for the Albanians. However, the occupation’s unanticipated long-term consequences and lack of clarity about the exit strategy’s long-term objectives deterred a strategic solution, thus laying the foundations of a status quo political environment in which Kosovo remained unsettled. Although the last war cannot be fought by the strategists, that last campaign has many lessons for them. A very important lesson to be learned from the conflict in Kosovo is for the external international actors like NATO; when the international actors tend to protect a select minority group in a certain area that is already divided among ethnic, tribal, and religious lines or communities, these actors’

Anyliss of Edgar Allen Poe's The Cask of Amontillado. What caused Poe Research Paper

Anyliss of Edgar Allen Poe's The Cask of Amontillado. What caused Poe to write such dark poems - Research Paper Example Critics both in history and literature have constructed a number of theories about his motivations to write as he did with some suspecting Poe’s unstable love life while others have noted substance abuse as the cause of his horror stories. To understand Poe’s literary works, it is important to be open to both theories but is evident the death of his loved ones in addition to being abused by his foster father are some of the factors that significantly influenced his works. Poe’s tragic life began when just before his third birthday, his mother died of tuberculosis living him his brother and sister orphans as their father had earlier on abandoned them (Moreno and Rigal-Aragà ³n 128). At this point in life, Poe was very young to comprehend the implication of his mother’s death in his life but in later years especially during adulthood, his reflections led him to grieve for how much better his home life would have been with both his biological parents present. The death of his mother seems to have had a psychological effect on him given that as early as age six he was afraid of the dead or dying causing him to have panic attacks whenever he passed a cemetery fearing ghosts would come after him (Meyers 76). The death of William Henry Leonard Poe also due to tuberculosis infection was the second death of those Poe loved. Poe mourned the death of his brother regretting the lack of chance for them to interact. Although Poe had an unstable rela tionship with his foster father, Poe’s mental stability and work in general was greatly impacted. Therefore, the death of his mother, brother and foster father played an influential role in the in Poe’s dark literature. Given the painful experience Poe had due to the death of those close to him, it is only natural that he would feel death as the ultimate punishment. Death is the most effective means of separating people from each other as it did to those round him. Poe therefore

Women’s rights in America in the 1920s Essay Example for Free

Women’s rights in America in the 1920s Essay Throughout the ages women have been stricken with often male-made oppression in many forms on the long, difficult road to their eventual initiation into equal rights. Some aspects of women’s rights today were obtained by questionable means in the past. One such act of liberation by questionable means was the introduction of a class of women in the 1920s known as flappers. These flappers were the beginning of a new wave of sexually and intellectually liberated women. Women of this age wore short skirts and revealing clothing in addition to cutting their hair into bobs and smoking and drinking publicly. These women were also outspoken in many areas, including matters of art, society, and politics. (â€Å"The changing values of a new generation†) Many argued that these women were the source of much moral corruption and social confusion during the age. A large number of people believed that flappers were rowdy, trouble-making, time-wasting, destructive women and that their damaged morals were in need of correcting. In the eyes of many critics, flappers were a prime example of the growing immorality, irresponsibility, inconsideration, impatience, stupidity and selfish personal absorption of today’s female youth. Still others felt that the flappers were simply lazy and their lifestyles were not only evil and blasphemous but also unhealthy for the soul, body, and mind. Secretary of Labor, James Davis said in September of 1922, that the flappers lifestyle revolved mainly around sex and substance abuse. It was argued that the heightened displays of sexual freedom of these flappers promoted lower social morals, larger rates of promiscuity and greater irresponsibility in many young women. Many people saw flappers as being unintelligent, self absorbed, and were only concerned with their own personal gain, without taking others into consideration. They were often viewed as shameful recluses, and troublemakers. Those who felt that flappers were immoral and corrupt argued that they were bad influences on the younger, more impressionable girls and that they gave their community a bad image. It was said to be inappropriate for any woman to show a substantial about of flesh  at any given time, especially in public, therefor, the flappers were seen in an even more negative light due to the fact that their dresses only required 3 yards of fabric instead of the traditional 6. Many said that flappers were inconsiderate of others with their rambunctious behavior and provocative appearances. Their public drinking and smoking was seen by many as vulgar and unladylike. Flappers were also said to be impatient and unintelligent in areas such as schooling, work and typical domestic o bligations. Despite many negative arguments against flappers there were also those who supported them and argued for them, including, of course, the flappers themselves. Flappers and their supporters looked at their actions as a means of promoting their sexual and intellectual liberation from the former, male-based structure of society. These supporters of such female liberation believed that flappers had earned the right to their free and passionate lifestyles and that they should be respected just as much as the men of the community. Such flapper collaborators felt that they were self-sufficient and reliant as well as intelligent and feminine. Flappers often wore makeup with their short hair and flowingly skimpy clothing. They kept themselves slim and fit and exercised often. These women spent a great deal of money to uphold their flapper fashion and image. They felt that they were independent as well as responsible in their free-spirited fight for equality and freewill. They argued that they were not immoral in their lifestyle and that their behavior was in fact far from destructive but, instead, was helping to work towards creating social equality. (â€Å"The New feminism of the 1920s†) Flappers were not in fact only concerned with standing out and being noticed. They were not simply fashion and image-driven, selfish women, but were strong, self-willed, independent young feminist citizens who were fighting passionately for their right to stable equality amidst a prominently male-driven world. These women pushed aggressively for their social, professional, and sexual freedom which they felt were hard-earned and well overdue. Many flappers wished to pursue positions in careers which would otherwise be deemed unacceptable for the average women of the time. They hoped that by breaking away from social normalitys that they could eventually obtain equality in all important aspects of life while hopefully  also allowing them entry into many professional fields which would normally be unaccessible to women. It is beyond confrontation that many of the questions of the flapper age were presented with a certain amount of dubiety by many brave independent women seeking fairness and equality. These women took their lives and futures into their own hands and with all the courage and determination they could muster they threw their hopes and expectations for equality upon the world. The flappers were passionate, lively young women with aspirations of possessing the same basic human rights that were possessed by the men of the age. Though their aggressively displayed fashion and ideas came as quite a shock to most people at first, after the differences became more accepted by the general public objections were able to be put aside, to make way for some real changes. Despite the many controversies surrounding the flappers and their ideals the fact remains that due to their existence and involvement in history a great deal of significance changes were brought about whether for the good or bad that of today’s society which have greatly expanded upon women’s rights and equality.

Plea Bargains and Mandatory Sentencing Essay -- essays research papers

Plea Bargains and Mandatory Sentencing I would like to take this time to explain my position on Plea Bargains and Mandatory Sentencing. I will show both pros and cons for each topic, as well as give you my personal brief on which one I support. There are two types of plea bargains : The first one is a charge bargain. When the prosecutor allows a defendant to "plead guilty to a lesser charge†, or to only some of the charges that have been filed against him. For example, a defendant charged with burglary may be offered the opportunity to plead guilty to "attempted burglary". A defendant charged with Drunk Driving and Driving with License Suspended may be offered the opportunity to plead guilty to just the drunk driving charge. The second plea bargain is when a defendant is told in advance what his sentence will be if he pleads guilty. This can help a prosecutor obtain a conviction if, for example, a defendant is facing serious charges and is afraid of being hit with the "maximum" sentence. Typically, sentence bargains can only be granted if they are approved by the trial judge. Many jurisdictions severely limit sentence bargaining. Sentence bargaining sometimes occurs in high profile cases where the prosecutor does not want to reduce the charges against the defendant, usually for fear of how the newspapers will react. A sentence bargain may allow the prosecutor to obtain a conviction to the most serious charge, while assuring the defendant of an a...

Coal Bed Methane

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 1. 1 About CBM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 1. 2 Origin of methane†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 2. 0 CBM In India, An Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 2. 1 India’s Energy Scenario†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 2. 2 CBM Activities In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. 3 Development Of CBM In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. 4 CBM Statistics In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 3. 0 CBM Reserves & Indian Status†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 3. 1 CBM Reserves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 3. 2 CBM Production Status In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 3. Development Of CBM, Indian Initiative†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 4. 0 CBM Projects In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 5. 1 CBM Current Projects In India (By CIL)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 5. 2 CBM Miscellaneous Projects In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 5. 0 CBM Market In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 6. 3 Cost Benefit Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 6. 4 Market Competitors & Their Share†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 6. 5 SWOT Analysis For Different Companies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 6. 0 Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Rounds in India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 7. CBM Round I & II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 7. 7. 1 Allotment In Round-I (under First Order of Bidding)†¦.. 17 7. 7. 2 Blocks Awarded On Nomination Basis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 7. 7. 3 Blocks Awarded Under CBM Policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 7. 7 Round- II Awarding Of Blocks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 7. 8 Allotment In Round-III †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 7. 0 Development Of CBM (Indian Initiatives) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 8. 9 Indian Policies for CBM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 8. 10 Fiscal Terms †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 8. 0 CBM Future In India †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 9. 11 Challenges In Implementation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 9. 12 Prospects Of CBM In India †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 8. 3 Opportunities Of CBM In India †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 8. 4 Awareness About CBM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 9. 0 Concluding Remarks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 10. 0 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 ABOUT CBM The  history  of CBM goes back to 1908, when the organization was founded by the German Pastor  Ernst Jacob Christoffel. Since then, CBM has become one of the leading professional organizations for people with disabilities worldwide.Currently, CBM supports over 1000 projects in over 100 countries. CBM's vision is of an inclusive world in which all persons with disabilities enjoy their human rights and achieve their full potential. 1. 2 ORIGIN OF METHANE Coal bed methane evolves during the transformation of the organic matter in the swamp, which later converts into peat after burial under reducing condition. As temperature increases the peat converts into lignite followed by sub-bituminous, bituminous low-volatile medium volatile, high volatile anthracite and graphite.This process is known as coalification. During this process at early stage biogenic methane evolves, later thermogenic methane is formed. Much of the me thane generated by the coalification process escapes to the surface or migrates into adjacent reservoir or other rocks, but a portion is trapped within the coal itself. In early stages of coalification, biogenic methane is generated as a by-product of bacterial respiration. Aerobic bacteria (those that use oxygen in respiration) first metabolize any free oxygen left in the plant remains and surrounding sediments.In fresh water environments, methane production begins immediately after the oxygen is depleted. Species of anaerobic bacteria (those that don’t use oxygen) then reduce carbon dioxide and produce methane through anaerobic respiration. When a coal’s temperature underground reaches about122 °F and after a sufficient amount of time, most of the biogenic methane has been generated, and about two-thirds of the original moisture has been expelled, the coal attains an approximate rank of sub-bituminous.As the temperature increases above 122 °F through increased bu rial or increased geothermal gradient, thermogenic processes begin and additional water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are generated as coalification proceeds to approximately the rank of high-volatile bituminous. Maximum generation of carbon dioxide, with little methane generation occurs at about 210 °F. Generation of thermogenic methane begins in the higher ranks of the high volatile bituminous coals, and at about 250 °F, generation of methane exceeds generation of carbon dioxide. Maximum generation of methane from coal occurs at about 300 °F.With even higher temperatures and higher rank coals, methane is still generated, but at somewhat lower volumes. Primarily adsorbed on or absorbed within micro pores of the coal. Coal bed methane is found associated with the coal/ lignite beds. This is the product that evolves during the process of coalification generally more in quantity than the coal can hold. Some of the gas escapes in the surroundings but some of it lie in the coal un der hydraulic pressure. Coal is unique in its behaviour as it acts as a source as well as a reservoir rock. Generally the gas content increases with rank. 2. CBM IN INDIA, AN OVERVIEW India is potentially rich in CBM. The major coal fields and CBM blocks in Indian are shown in Fig. The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons of India estimates that deposits in major coal fields (in twelve states of India covering an area of 35,400 km2) contain approximately 4. 6 TCM of CBM. Coal in these basins ranges from high volatile to low-volatile bituminous with high ash content (10 to 40 percent), and its gas content is between 3-16 m3/ton depending on the rank of the coal, depth of burial, and geotectonic settings of the basins as estimated by the CMPDI.In the Jharia Coalfield which is considered to be the most prospective area, the gas content is estimated to be between 7. 3 and 23. 8 m3 per ton of coal within the depth range of 150m to 1200 m. Analysis indicates every 100-m increase in depth i s associated with a 1. 3 m3 increase of methane content. In India, commercial CBM production is yet to be started in full pace. Few E;P companies like ONGC Ltd. , GEECL and Essar Oil have started production, but field development is yet to be completed.India ranks 134th out of 182 countries, the same as in 2006, in the 2009 Human Development Report and is home to 60-80 million people with disabilities (PWDs). CBM regional office for the South Asia Region has prioritised implementation of programs in states which have high percentages of people below the poverty line and high number of people with disabilities. CBM started to extend its support to India in 1967 and in 1975 the South Asia Regional Office was established in Trichy, Tamil Nadu to coordinate activities in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.In 1994, the Regional Offices in North and South were established to cater to the growing projects supported by CBM. 2. 1 INDIA’S ENERGY SCENARIO * India is one of the faste st growing economies. * The GDP growth is over 8%, likely to increase to over 10% in near future. * This GDP growth is required to eradicate poverty and meet country’s human development goal. * To sustain such growth 3/4 fold increase in primary energy requirement envisaged. * Integrated Energy Policy Document indicates total energy requirement of the country will increase from a current level of about 500 MTOe to 2000 MTOe by 2031-32. Efforts are on to utilize all possible energy resource- renewable, non-renewable, coal based additional resource etc to meet this gigantic target. 2. 2 CBM ACTIVITIES IN INDIA 1967 CBM extends support to India and the first Regional Office of CBM was opened in Trichy in 1975 for India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 1975 The comprehensive ophthalmic health program for Thiruchirapalli was started in Joseph Eye Hospital. Community ophthalmology was born! 1977 The first Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) project at Musiri started with single d isability. 1979Concept of integrated education was promoted by CBM. CBM has been included as a member of the Committee of the Rehabilitation Council of India dealing with Visual Impairment. 1999 Together with other NGOs and WHO, CBM initiates â€Å"VISION 2020: The Right to Sight†, a global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness by the year 2020. 2004 CBM awarded by the Indian Govt. in appreciation of exemplary contribution towards elimination of Avoidable Blindness in India. 2006 CBM with other NGOs initiated programmed of Sound Hearing 2030. WHO SEARO has been supporting this initiative. . 3 DEVELOPMENT OF CBM IN INDIA Commercial production of CBM started and during 2008-09 it was 0. 15 MMSCMD (million Std cubic meter per day). The CBM production is expected to increase to 3. 6 MMSCMD by 2011-12 and to 7. 14 by 2014 2. 4 CBM STATISTICS IN INDIA * CBM Resource: 3. 4 TCM (CMPDI Estimate: 2008) * 26 Blocks allotted for Commercial Development * Production potenti al: 38 Million Cubic Meters per day, which can support power generation of 6700 MW. * Commercial production of CBM started and was 0. 15 million cubic meters per day. * Expected to rise to 3. million cubic meters per day in 2011-12, showing 24 fold growth in 2 years. * Allotment of 8 more blocks under consideration of the Govt. 3. 0 CBM RESERVES ; INDIAN STATUS 3. 1 CBM RESERVES IN INDIA SNo. | State| Coal Fields/Block| Area (Sq. Km)| CBM resources (BCM)| 1| West Bengal| Raniganj EastRaniganj NorthRaniganj SouthBirbhum| 1330| 144| 2| Jharkhand| JhariaBokaroNorth KaranpuraNorth Karanpura (West)South KaranpuraRajmahal| 1857| 322. 1| 3| Madhya Pradesh| Sohagpur (East)Sohagpur (West)SatpuraSohagpur (North)Singrauli (West)| 3059| 195. | 4| Chhattisgarh| SonhatTatapani- RamkolaMand- Raigarh| 2195| 119. 9| 5| Orissa| Talchir| 500| 35| 6| Maharashtra| Wardha| 503| 19. 9| 7| Andhra Pradesh| GodavariKothagudem (East)| 926| 63. 65| 8| Tamilnadu| Manargudi| 739| 27. 7| 9| Gujarat| Barmer-Sancho r-IIICambay- ICambay- II| 3010| 224. 2| 10| Rajasthan| Barmer- Sanchor-IBarmer- Sachor- II| 2065| 182. 8| Total| 16184| 1334. 55| 3. 2 CBM PRODUCTION STATUS IN INDIA SNo. | State| Prognosticated Resource (BCM)| Recoverable Reserves @ 20-25 % of Prognosticated Resource (BCM)| Production based on 20-25 % Recovery for 25 yrs. MMSCMD)| 1| West Bengal| 144| 28. 8- 36| 3. 15- 3. 94| 2| Jharkhand| 322. 1| 64. 42- 80. 52| 7. 0- 8. 8| 3| Madhya Pradesh| 195. 3| 39- 48. 8| 4. 27- 5. 35| 4| Gujarat| 224. 2| 44. 8- 56| 4. 9- 6. 13| 5| Rajasthan| 182. 8| 36. 56- 45. 7| 4. 0- 5. 0| 6| Maharashtra| 19. 9| 3. 98- 4. 97| 0. 44- 0. 54| 7| Chhattisgarh| 119. 90| 23. 98- 29. 97| 2. 63- 3,28| 8| Orissa| 35| 7. 0- 8. 75| 0. 77- 0. 96| 9| Andhra Pradesh| 63. 65| 12. 73- 15. 91| 1. 4- 1. 74| 10| Tamilnadu| 27. 70| 5. 54- 6. 92| 0. 61- 0. 76| Total| 1334. 55| 266. 91- 333. 64| 29. 5- 36. 56| 3. 3 DEVELOPMENT OF CBM, INDIAN INITIATIVE CBM resource in allotted (26)/ under allotment (8) CBM blocks: 1. 8 TCM, A rea- 17700 sq km. * Production potential in allotted blocks: 38 Million Cubic Meter per day, which can support power generation of 6700 MW. * CBM well drilled: 280, Total investment: Rs 256 Crores (USD 57 million) * Reserve established by different operators in 5 blocks: 8. 4 TCF * 3 blocks (Raniganj South-GEECL, Sohagpur West and Sohagpur East- Reliance Industries Ltd) has entered in development stage 4. CBM PROJECTS IN INDIA 4. 1 CBM CURRENT PROJECTS IN INDIA (BY CIL) * UNDP/GEF/GoI funded Demonstration project at Moonidih ; Sudamdih mines of BCCL. * CIL-ONGC commercial projects in Jharia and Raniganj CBM blocks * Successfully implemented at Moonidih mine of BCCL. * 3CBM wells drilled and 3 potential seams in each well hydro- fractured 2 CBM wells are producing gas after dewatering. * Dewatering being taken up in 3rd well after which CBM production will start. Fig:-Hydro-Fractured Unit of 3rd Well 4. 2 CURRENT PROJECT ON CBM IN INDIA Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd (GEECL) ha s  begun  the production and sale of coal-bed methane (CBM), the first such commercial project in India. GEECL is targeting initial production of 1. 5 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD); estimated in-place gas in the block is 1. 92 trillion cubic feet (TCF) per Netherland, Swell and Associates, Inc. (NSAI) on 1 June 2007. * As of June 2007, GEECL had drilled, perforated and fractured 23 wells and installed the pumps. Nine wells are currently in production, delivering 991 thousand cubic feet (MSCFD) per day, along with 8,030 barrels of product water—a current water-gas ratio of 8. barrels of water per MCF of gas. Over time, the water ratio decreases and gas production increases as the beds are dewatered. * India’s Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) has approved investing $150 million for drilling 100 production wells in four years. * Reliance Industries (RIL) and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), the country’s two biggest exploration an d production companies of conventional oil and gas, have also begun recovering some gas from coal beds. RIL has estimated in-place gas reserves of 3. 5 TCF, and ONGC has reserves of around 1. 2 TCF. * RIL is likely to start commercial production by the end of 2007; ONGC is planning commercial production in 2008. 5. 0 CBM MARKET IN INDIA * The present scenario of rapidly increasing demand of CBM is highly encouraging for the year 2006-2007 the demand was of 231 MMSCMD and supply was 95MMSCMD and expected to grow from 168 MMSCMD supply demand was 313 MMSCMD in the year 2011-12 and in the year 2024-25 supply would be 170 MMSCMD while demand is expected to grow up to 391 MMSCMD. Directorate of Hydrocarbons recently took new areas for CBM exploration activities in CBM-III BIDDING. Based on the characteristic properties viz; occurrence of thick coal seams at favorable depth, high seam density, good thermal maturity, favorable permeability, good gas content, sizeable coal reserves. * Recen tly, Govt. of India further announced 10 blocks in order to explore and produce (CBM). Out of these, two blocks each are located in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and one block each in Jharkhand and West Bengal (MOP ; NG, 2006). For CBM contribution of 1% of total energy output, @ 1 well per 60 acre, the development area would be approx 360,000 acres, i. e. 1,450 sq km; Exploratory Block area will be still larger. Approx 8,000 sq km of the coal bearing area is still unexplored for CBM. 5. 1 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS PLACED BASED ON FOLLOWING ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions| | | Parameter| Unit| Details| Well Productivity| SCM/Day| 3500| Well Capital Cost 1. Construction Cost 2. Collection/ Compression/ Waste Disposal Cost | $/well| 778000291000| Capital Cost Escalation| %| 2|Well Operating Cost 1. Operating Cost 2. G;A Cost| $/well| 1720049600| Operating Cost Escalation| %| 2| Exploration ; Development Phase| Years| 3-5| Peak Production After Start o f Commercial Operations| Years| 3-5| Gas Price| $/mmBtu| 5. 10| 5. 2 MARKET COMPETITORS ; THEIR SHARE Company/ Major Shareholder| No of Blocks| % of total blocks| Area under Exploration (sq. Km)| % of total area| In-place CBM (BCM)| % of total BCM| ONGC| 9| 30| 3214| 19. 5| 446| 26| RIL| 5| 17| 3885| 23. | 320| 19| Essar Oil Ltd| 5| 17| 2733| 16. 6| 259| 15| Arrow Energy| 5| 17| 2388| 14. 5| 416| 24| RNRL| 4| 13| 3266| 20| 194| 11| GEECL| 2| 7| 976| 6| 65| 4| Total| 30| 100| 16462| 100| 1700| 100| 5. 3 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT COMPANIES To enter into the market of CBM, various companies have their SWOT analysis, based upon which they decide to enter into the venture. The following table shows SWOT analysis for different competitors in India. Companies| Strength| Weakness| Opportunities| Threat|ONGC| Strong Opening MarketSubstantial Reserve Placement RatioIntegrated Operations| PSU ; Constrained to Faster Decision Making| Expansion through inorganic growthNew energy sources| Inten se competitionOil ; Gas price fluctuations| REL| Dominant foothold in the marketExpanding market share in sectorVertical IntegrationEfficient Operations| Opportunities Conventional sourcesKG-D6 block commencement| Lack of mid-stream operations| Low-cost petrochemical productsHighly competitive domestic market| Essar Oil Ltd. Expanding market share in sectorConsiderable asset baseHorizontally integrated EnterpriseVast retail network| Low return on equityLimited liquidity positionNegative operating margin| New asset acquisitionExpansion plansCBM operations| Stringent regulationIntense domestic competition| GEECL| Existing operations in CBMGas transformation| Limited operations to CBM ; relatively limited acreage| Expansion thorough inorganic growth| Intense competition ; entry of large players in CBM sectorsOil ; Gas price fluctuation| 6. 0 CBM ROUNDS IN INDIA 6. CBM ROUND I ; II * A TOTAL OF 16 BLOCKS AWARDED UNDER CBM-I ; CBM-II ROUNDS OF BIDDING AND NOMINATION BASIS AS ON DATE. * A TOTAL AREA OF 7810 SQ. KM. OPENED UP FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF CBM. * THE TOTAL CBM RESOURCE IN THESE 16 BLOCKS IS ESTIMATED TO BE AROUND 820 BILLION CUBIC METRES. * THE APPROXIMATE PRODUCTION OF CBM GAS ESTIMATED FROM THESE BLOCKS IS 23 MMSCMD AT PEAK PRODUCTION LEVELS. 6. 1. 1 Allotment in Round-I: (Under first order of bidding) 6. 1. 2 Blocks Awarded On Nomination Basis:- 6. 1. 3 Blocks Awarded Under CBM Policy:- 6. Round –II Awarding Of Blocks:- 6. 3 Allotment in Round- III:- 7. 0 Development of CBM (Indian Initiatives) To facilitate the development of CBM, Govt. Of India formulated CBM policy in 1997. The highlights are as under:- * Blocks to be awarded through open international competitive bidding system. * No participating interest of the government. * No upfront payment. * No signature bonus. * Exemption from payment of customs duty on imports required for CBM operation. * Freedom to sale gas in the domestic market. * A seven years tax holiday. 7. 1 Indian p olicies for CBM The GOI, in order to utilize the CBM potential in the country formulated a CBM policy July’ 97. * Ministry of P;NG became administrative ministry and DGH became implementing agency for CBM policy. * DGH did commendable work to operationalize the CBM policy. * DGH identified blocks for CBM exploration after interaction with the ministry of coal and other agencies in the known high rank coalfield areas. * Blocks offered through global competitive bidding by Ministry of P;NG. * Fiscal, contractual and operating regime and model contract put in place with one of the best terms. Very liberal fiscal terms offered to attract investors. 7. 2 Fiscal terms * No participating interest of the government. * No signature bonus. * Allotment of blocks through global bidding. * Provision for bidding for more than one block. * 10% ad-valorem royalty payable to state govt. * Additional production linked payment biddable. * Payment on sliding scale for every 0. 5 MMSCMD increment al gas Production beyond 1. 0 MMSCMD. * Freedom to sell gas in the domestic market – determined prices. * Fiscal stability provision in the contract. * No customs duty on imports required for CBM operations. Arbitration provisions to be governed by the arbitration and Conciliation act, 1996, which is based on uncitral provisions. * Nominal commercial bonus of us$ 0. 3 million after discovery. * New petroleum tax guide to facilitate investors. * Corporate income tax payable as per income tax act, 1961. * Model contract to serve as guideline. * 7 year tax holiday from the date of commencement of Commercial production. 8. 0 CBM Future in India While GEECL’s initial confirmed customers are industrial operations in West Bengal (the site of the project), the company forecasts high demand for CBM as an alternative fuel for transportation.Demand in Kolkata alone could reach 35 MMSCFD. Other West Bengali district vehicle demand could tally an additional 10 MMSCFD. Vehicle deman d in neighboring Jamshedpur (200 km away) could reach 18 MMSCFD, according to the company. In India, commercial CBM production is yet to be started in full pace. Few E;P companies like ONGC Ltd. , GEECL and Essar Oil have started production, but field development is yet to be completed. Steel, Glass, Ceramics and Paper manufacturing companies are showing keen interest to put up their plants in the region.The possible industries that can use CBM may be: * Fertilizers, chemicals ; petrochemicals * Town Gas ; Industrial fuel supply * Power generation * Cement * Paper and paper products * Sponge iron ; steel * Ceramics * Glass * Textiles 8. 1 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION * CBM Resource Assessment technique in de-stressed coal seams. * Techno-economic evaluation of identified CMM Project area. * Utilization technology of recovered methane. * Capture and Utilization Technique of low concentration of methane in ventilation air. 8. 2 PROSPECT OF CBM IN INDIA To increase the pace of explorat ion and development of CBM the Government of India under CBM-III round of international bidding has identified 7 additional blocks in different coalfields, located in the States of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh ; Rajasthan and hold sizable resources of CBM showing good prospectivity. 8. 3 OPPORTUNITIES OF CBM IN INDIA The CBM terms offered by Government are definitely the very best in the world:- * Seven years tax holiday from the date of commencement of production. * Fiscal stability provision in the contract. * No participating interest of the Government. No signature bonus. * No custom duty on imports required for CBM operations. * Freedom to sell gas in the domestic market at market determined rate. * During the last 3 years more than 75 exploratory / pilot wells have been drilled in the 16 CBM blocks awarded during the last two rounds of international bidding. * Significant finds reported in Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro ; Sohagpur Coalfields in the Eastern and Central part of India * Test production of CBM in these blocks have yielded encouraging quantities of gas and commercial exploitation of Coalbed Methane (CBM) in India is no longer a myth but a reality. . 4 AWARENESS ABOUT CBM * Promotional â€Å"Road Shows† to be organized in January / February 2006 at USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, UK and India. * All the road shows to be presided over by the Hon’ble Minister of Petroleum ; Natural Gas, besides the senior officials of the Ministry of Petroleum ; Natural Gas, Ministry of Coal and Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, Government of India. * A brochure giving details on the blocks on offer, the Geographical Location on a map of India, the Terms ; Conditions, Bid Format, a copy of the Modal CBM Contract and Price List will be made available free of cost. The Hard Copies ; Digital Copies (on work stations) of the Basin Information Dockets and Data Packages will be made available for inspection at data view ing centers in India and abroad. 9. 0 CONCLUDING REMARKS * Commercial exploitation of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) in India is no longer a myth but a reality. * The CBM gas flared in the test wells in Raniganj, Jharia and Sohagpur Coalfields in the eastern and central part of India bear ample testimony to the stories of success in the formative stage of CBM operation. India endowed with large resources base of coal and lignite contains sizable quantities of CBM gas. Initial test production in CBM fields of India shows encouraging results. * India has adopted a time bound aggressive strategy for exploration and development of CBM. * CBM an unconventional alternative source of natural gas has good future prospects in India. * CBM technology is proceeding with good space to prove itself as a cleaner energy security to India as well as the World. However, production strategy of methane from CBM is very much different from conventional gas reservoir.The study revealed that the coal type, rank, volatile matter and fixed carbon are strongly influence the adsorption capacity of methane into the coal bed. With increasing depth maturation of coal increases and generation of methane gas also increases. Gondwana basin as the most prospective CBM field is being developed now. From the studies, it is observed that Singareni coal field under Gandowana basin contains low gas Hence, presently it is not considered for CBM exctraction. However, in future this field may be considered for methane extraction using advanced technology and in emergency condition.Sequestration of CO2 helps in mitigation of global warming, at the same time helps in recovery of methane gas from coal bed unveiled otherwise. However, detailed and intensive studies are required for efficient and economic production of coal bed methane. India with ~4. 6 TCM of methane reserves in coal bed can enrich its per capita energy demand by successful exploitation of CBM. 10. 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY (Internet Based Methodology Only ) 1. Singh, A. K. â€Å"Activities on Development of CBM In India†. ;Coal Sub-committee Meeting, New Delhi;. March 5, 2010. 2. Ojha, K. K. â€Å"CBM In India: Difficulties ; Prospects†. lt;International Journal of Chemical Engineering ; Applications, Vol. 2;. August, 2011. 3. Rana, Ashish â€Å"Future for Energy Options for India†. ;Reliance Industries Ltd. ;. 4. Singh, M. P. â€Å"Status of CBM Investigations In India†. 5. â€Å"Overview of India’s CBM Policies ; Regulations†. ;Methane to Market Conference;. 6. â€Å"Coal Bed Methane†. ;Indo-US Coal Working Group Meeting;. November, 2005. 7. Sawhney, Prem â€Å"Developments In India, CBM. March 3, 2010. 8. Dutta, Shishir â€Å"Economics of CBM†. June 28-30, 2011. 9. GECL. â€Å"Markets ; Distributes CBM in India for 1st Time†. February 28, 2008.